Population
105k persons, 1 July latest value, 2023
Population on 1 July. UN estimate to 2023, medium variant from 2024; past UN revisions for forecast checks.
Tonga
All indicators of the Macroscope base for Tonga, with sources. Below: what past UN and IMF releases projected and what actually happened.
What the data shows
Computed with the same code as the observations under the main chart and in the API (get_insights). Moving together in time does not prove a cause.
How the indicators changed
- Fertility (TFR): 6.70 in 1950 → 3.13 in 2023 (−53%). The trend broke around 1961: change sped up (−0.01 → −0.06 a year).
- Births: 2.15k in 1950 → 2.42k in 2023 (+13%). Peak: 3.53k in 1980; the latest value is 31% lower. The trend broke around 1962 and 1981: +0.08k → +0.02k → −0.02k a year.
- Population: 49.7k in 1950 → 105k in 2023 (+111%). The trend broke around 1976 and 2011: +1.79k → +0.34k → −0.19k a year.
- Internet: 0% in 1990 → 67.4% in 2024 (+67 pp). Thresholds: above 10% since 2009, above 50% since 2019. Fastest growth in 2009–2014: 10% → 36%.
- Urban share: 18.3% in 1960 → 21.2% in 2025 (+2.9 pp). The trend broke around 1998 and 2014: +0.11 → +0.04 → −0.25 a year.
- GDP per person (PPP): 4,488 PPP dollars in 1990 → 7,413 PPP dollars in 2025 (+65%). The trend broke around 2002 and 2009: +119 → −72 → +118 a year.
- GDP growth: on average 10.6% in the 1980s, 2.1% in the 1990s, 0.2% in the 2000s, 2.2% in the 2010s, 0.4% in the 2020s. Lowest: −5.2% in 2009; highest: 44.1% in 1984.
- Inflation: on average 9.3% in the 1980s, 4.3% in the 1990s, 8.2% in the 2000s, 3.1% in the 2010s, 5.6% in the 2020s. Lowest: −7.3% in 1980; highest: 29.9% in 1986.
What changed at the same time
- The fastest decline of "Fertility (TFR)" was in 1986–1996: 5.27 → 4.46. Over the same years: births 3.37k → 3.07k; population 98k → 100k; internet 0.2% (1996); urban share 21.5% → 22.9%; GDP per person (PPP) 5,511 PPP dollars (1996); GDP growth 8.8% → 0.1%; inflation 29.9% → 2.7%.
- Over the last 10 years (2013–2023): fertility (TFR) 3.70 → 3.13; births 2.88k → 2.42k; population 107k → 105k; internet 32.8% → 64.1%; urban share 23.4% → 21.1%; GDP per person (PPP) 5,952 PPP dollars → 7,031 PPP dollars; GDP growth −1.1% → 2.8%; inflation 0.7% → 12.6%.
How the indicators relate
- Fertility (TFR) and internet (1990–2023, 30 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.95); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = −0.19). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year. Changes line up best with a 8 years shift: "Fertility (TFR)" moves first, then "Internet" (r = 0.75).
- Fertility (TFR) and urban share (1960–2023, 64 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.84); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = −0.05). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
- Fertility (TFR) and GDP per person (PPP) (1990–2023, 34 years): levels are strongly related, in opposite directions (r = −0.94); year-to-year changes show no reliable link (r = −0.29). This looks like a shared trend: both change over time, but not in step from year to year.
Forecasts vs actual
- Fertility (TFR): past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 5 of 9 revisions (2002–2022) and above in 4; median gap −0.7%.
- The UN 2002 projection expected this level (3.13) already around 2009: reality is 14 years behind it.
- The UN 2022 projection expected today's level (3.13, 2023) only around 2025: reality is 2 years ahead of it.
- Fertility (TFR): UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 2.45 (−22% vs 2023), 2100 — 1.93 (−38% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 1.43.
- Births: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 1 of 9 revisions (2002–2022) and above in 8; median gap +2.4%.
- The UN 2002 projection expected this level (2.42k) already around 2017: reality is 6 years behind it.
- The UN 2006 projection expected this level (2.42k) already around 2016: reality is 7 years behind it.
- Births: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 1.96k (−19% vs 2023), 2100 — 1.37k (−44% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 0.53k.
- Population: past UN projections. The outcome was below the projection in 11 of 12 revisions (1998–2022) and above in 1; median gap −5.2%.
- The UN 2000 projection expected this level (105k) already around 2014: reality is 9 years behind it.
- Population: UN 2024 projection (medium): 2050 — 105k (+1% vs 2023), 2100 — 118k (+13% vs 2023); low variant for 2100: 73.8k.
- GDP growth: IMF next-year forecasts (32 editions, 2007–2022). On average the outcome was 0.8 pp below the forecast; below it in 59% of cases; typical error ±2.7 pp. The biggest miss was for 2009: IMF, October 2008 expected 2.6%, the outcome was −5.2%.
- GDP growth: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2024 — 1.7%, 2026 — 2.3%, 2031 — 1.3%.
- Inflation: IMF next-year forecasts (34 editions, 2007–2023). On average the outcome was 0.1 pp below the forecast; below it in 56% of cases; typical error ±3.1 pp. The biggest miss was for 2023: IMF, April 2022 expected 4.3%, the outcome was 12.6%.
- Inflation: latest IMF forecast (IMF, April 2026): 2025 — 3.2%, 2027 — 6.2%, 2031 — 3.6%.
UN projections vs actual
Solid line: actual data, UN WPP 2024 estimates to 2023, then national statistics where comparable with the UN. Dashed: medium variants of past UN revisions. The table shows what each revision expected for the latest year (or five-year period) with actual data.
Population
persons, 1 July
- Actual
- UN 1998
- UN 2000
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 1998 | 2023 | 25 years | 105k | 105k | 0% |
| UN 2000 | 2023 | 23 years | 109k | 105k | −3.9% |
| UN 2002 | 2023 | 21 years | 120k | 105k | −12.7% |
| UN 2004 | 2023 | 19 years | 102k | 105k | +2.8% |
| UN 2006 | 2023 | 17 years | 110k | 105k | −5.1% |
| UN 2008 | 2023 | 15 years | 110k | 105k | −5.3% |
| UN 2010 | 2023 | 13 years | 114k | 105k | −7.9% |
| UN 2012 | 2023 | 11 years | 114k | 105k | −8.1% |
| UN 2015 | 2023 | 8 years | 114k | 105k | −7.9% |
| UN 2017 | 2023 | 6 years | 114k | 105k | −8.1% |
| UN 2019 | 2023 | 4 years | 109k | 105k | −3.7% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 108k | 105k | −2.9% |
Births
births per year
- Actual
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 2.43k | 2.59k | +6.6% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 1.95k | 2.59k | +32.9% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 2.41k | 2.59k | +7.5% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 2.33k | 2.59k | +11% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 2.53k | 2.59k | +2.2% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 2.54k | 2.59k | +1.8% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 2.53k | 2.59k | +2.4% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 2.55k | 2.59k | +1.6% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 2.45k | 2.42k | −1.3% |
Total fertility rate
children per woman
- Actual
- UN 2002
- UN 2004
- UN 2006
- UN 2008
- UN 2010
- UN 2012
- UN 2015
- UN 2017
- UN 2019
- UN 2022
- UN 2024, medium
| Release | Target period | Horizon | Expected | Actual | Actual vs expected |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UN 2002 | 2015–2020 | 16 years | 2.70 | 3.37 | +24.7% |
| UN 2004 | 2015–2020 | 14 years | 2.68 | 3.37 | +25.8% |
| UN 2006 | 2015–2020 | 12 years | 3.06 | 3.37 | +10.2% |
| UN 2008 | 2015–2020 | 10 years | 3.23 | 3.37 | +4.1% |
| UN 2010 | 2015–2020 | 8 years | 3.56 | 3.37 | −5.4% |
| UN 2012 | 2015–2020 | 6 years | 3.57 | 3.37 | −5.6% |
| UN 2015 | 2015–2020 | 2 years | 3.58 | 3.37 | −5.9% |
| UN 2017 | 2015–2020 | 0 years | 3.58 | 3.37 | −5.8% |
| UN 2022 | 2023 | 1 year | 3.15 | 3.13 | −0.7% |
IMF forecasts vs actual
Solid line: actual values from the latest IMF edition (data get revised, so we use the newest). Dashed: April editions, current year and five years ahead. The table covers next-year forecasts from all editions: mean error shows bias, mean absolute error shows accuracy.
Real GDP growth
% per year
- Actual (IMF)
- WEO, April editions
| Indicator | Forecasts | Mean error | Mean absolute error | Actual below forecast |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real GDP growth | 32 | −0.8 pp | 2.7 pp | 59% |
| Inflation | 34 | −0.1 pp | 3.1 pp | 56% |
| Government gross debt | 5 | −6 pp | 6 pp | 100% |
All indicators
Demography
Births
2.42k births per year latest value, 2023
Live births per calendar year. UN WPP 2024 and national statistics (64 countries, 2015-2025).
Total fertility rate
3.13 children per woman latest value, 2023
Average number of children a woman would have at the age-specific fertility rates of the year.
Life expectancy at birth, women
76.4 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn girl would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Life expectancy at birth, men
69.4 years latest value, 2023
Years a newborn boy would live at the mortality rates of the year (UN).
Median age
20.7 years latest value, 2023
Age that divides the population in two halves (UN).
Mean age of mothers at childbirth
29.9 years latest value, 2023
Mean age of mothers at the birth of their children of any order (UN).
Sex ratio at birth
108.1 boys per 100 girls latest value, 2023
Boys born per 100 girls born (UN).
Net migration
−2.17k persons per year latest value, 2023
Immigrants minus emigrants per year (UN estimate and projection).
Old-age dependency
13.5 persons 65+ per 100 aged 20-64 latest value, 2020
Persons aged 65+ per 100 aged 20-64, every five years (UN).
Digitalisation
Internet users
67.4 % of population latest value, 2024
Share of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months from any device. ITU data.
Mobile cellular subscriptions
61.7 per 100 people latest value, 2022
Active mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people; can exceed 100 when people have several SIM cards. ITU data.
Fixed broadband subscriptions
8.2 subscriptions per 100 people latest value, 2022
Fixed subscriptions to high-speed Internet (256 kbit/s or more) per 100 people. ITU data.
Economy
GDP per capita, PPP
7,413 constant 2021 international $ latest value, 2025
Gross domestic product per person at purchasing power parity, constant 2021 international dollars (World Bank, ICP).
Real GDP growth
2.8 % per year latest value, 2023
Annual change of GDP at constant prices. Actual values and forecasts from IMF WEO editions.
Inflation
8 % per year, average latest value, 2024
Change of the annual average consumer price index (IMF WEO).
Government gross debt
37.2 % of GDP latest value, 2023
General government gross debt, percent of GDP (IMF WEO).
GDP per capita, US dollars
5,979 current US dollars latest value, 2023
GDP per person in current US dollars at market exchange rates (IMF WEO).
Society
Urban population
21.2 % of population latest value, 2025
Share of people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices (World Bank, from UN World Urbanization Prospects).
Tertiary enrolment, women
58.6 % gross latest value, 2023
Women enrolled in tertiary education as a share of women in the five-year age group after secondary school; can exceed 100 (UNESCO).
Women with upper secondary education
42.2 % of women 25+ latest value, 2023
Share of women aged 25+ who completed at least upper secondary education (UNESCO).
Life expectancy at birth
73.1 years latest value, 2024
Life expectancy at birth, both sexes (World Bank, from UN and national statistics).